The data acquisition layer is crucial for every digital twin, especially considering the complex and big datasets in the built environment.

Designing this layer is challenging due to data diversity and volume, and it’s closely linked to data types and their values. While the aim is to gather data extensively and maximize its value, there are associated costs. Hence, it’s vital to identify stakeholders’ information needs throughout the lifecycle and prioritise essential datasets that need to be collected to generate valuable services and outcomes for public good.